Socio-Economic Empowerment of Women with Sustainable Development Goal 05, and Pakistan’s Commitment (Sindh): An Assessment
Keywords:
PDHS 2017-18; Sindh; employment; sustainable development; educationAbstract
The study looks at the factors that influence women's empowerment in terms of household decision-making in Pakistan's Sindh province. One of the 17 global goals included in the United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is the Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG 5). The achievement of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls are the specific goals of SDG 5. The objective is to put an end to all forms of gender-based violence and discrimination, to outlaw harmful customs like child marriage and female genital mutilation, to guarantee equal access to positions of leadership and decision-making, and to advance women's full and effective participation in all aspects of society. The term "women's empowerment" simply refers to giving women the means to achieve social and financial independence. Economic growth is boosted by women's empowerment, which results from investments in their health and education. Rural areas are home to the majority of the population's females. By improving the health and education of future generations, educated and empowered women in these places can either directly or indirectly contribute to economic prosperity. This study shows that having a job, a source of income, a higher education, a mother who has a higher degree, owning property in her name, having more mobility, and feeling empowered increases women's domestic earning capacity. There are specific policy alternatives provided for developing economies.
References
Abbas, S., Hye, Q. M. A., Rehan, R., & Mubeen, S. (2022). Do Globalization, Technology Adoption and Economic Development Influence Income Inequality in Developing Asian Nations?. Asian Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 9(2), 83-90.
Al-Shami, S. S. A., Razali, R. M., & Rashid, N. (2018). The effect of microcredit on women empowerment in welfare and decisions making in Malaysia. Social Indicators Research, 137(3), 1073-1090.
AR, A. H., Rehan, R., Zainudin, Z., & Hussain, H. I. (2018). Capital structure determinants of Shariah and Non-Shariah companies at Bursa Malaysia. Opcion, 34(16), 678-695.
Bennett, L. (2002). Using empowerment and social inclusion for pro-poor growth: a theory of social change. Working draft of background paper for the social development strategy paper. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Borumandnia, N., Majd, H. A., Doosti, H., & Olazadeh, K. (2022). The trend analysis of neurological disorders as major causes of death and disability according to human development, 1990-2019. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-7.
Bushra, A., & Wajiha, N. (2015). Assessing the socio-economic determinants of women empowerment in Pakistan. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 177, 3-8.
Costell, M. H., Ancellin, N., Bernard, R. E., Zhao, S., Upson, J. J., Morgan, L. A., ... & Behm, D. J. (2012). Comparison of soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators and activators in models of cardiovascular disease associated with oxidative stress. Frontiers in pharmacology, 3, 128.
Domingo, P., Holmes, R., O’neil, T., Jones, N., Bird, K., Larson, A., & Valters, C. (2015). Women’s voice and leadership in decision-making. London: ODI.
Galdeano, D., Ahmed, U., Fati, M., Rehan, R., & Ahmed, A. J. M. S. L. (2019). Financial performance and corporate social responsibility in the banking sector of Bahrain: Can engagement moderate?. Management Science Letters, 9(10), 1529-1542.
Gap, G. G. (2020). Report 2020. In World Economic Forum, Geneva.
Ghani, E. K., Rehan, R., Salahuddin, S., & Hye, Q. M. A. (2023). Discovering Capital Structure Determinants for SAARC Energy Firms. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(1), 135.
Hameed, W., Azmat, S. K., Ali, M., Sheikh, M. I., Abbas, G., Temmerman, M., & Avan, B. I. (2014). Women's empowerment and contraceptive use: the role of independent versus couples' decision-making, from a lower middle income country perspective. PloS one, 9(8), e104633.
Hashemi, S. M., Schuler, S. R., & Riley, A. P. (1996). Rural credit programs and women's empowerment in Bangladesh. World development, 24(4), 635-653.
Hadi, A. R. A., Hussain, H. I., Zainudin, Z., & Rehan, R. (2019). Crude oil price and exchange rates-the case of Malaysia and Brunei. International Journal of Financial Research, 10(5), 1-10.
Jejeebhoy, S. J. (2002). Convergence and divergence in spouses' perspectives on women's autonomy in rural India. Studies in family planning, 33(4), 299-308.
Kabeer, N. (2014). ca. 1990. Género, desarrollo y capacitación: aumentar la concienciaban en el proceso de planificación. Fecha de consulta, 12(04).
Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women's empowerment. Development and change, 30(3), 435-464.
Kabeer, N. (2001). Conflicts over credit: Re-evaluating the empowerment potential of loans to women in rural Bangladesh. World development, 29(1), 63-84.
Khan, M. A., Rehan, R., Chhapra, I. U., & Sohail, A. B. (2021). Capital Structure Theories: A Comprehensive Review. Revista Geintec-Gestao Inovacao E Tecnologias, 11(3), 1562-1574.
Khan, M. A., Rehan, R., Chhapra, I. U., & Bai, A. (2022). Inspecting energy consumption, capital formation and economic growth nexus in Pakistan. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 50, 101845.
Khan, M. T., & Maan, A. A. (2008). Socio-cultural milieu of women’s empowerment in district Faisalabad. Pakistan. Journal of Agricultural Science, 45(3), 78-90.
Keller, B., & Mbewe, D. C. (1991). Policy and planning for the empowerment of Zambia's women farmers. Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d'études du développement, 12(1), 75-88.
Khan, M. A., & Rehan, R. (2022). Revealing The Impacts of Banking Sector Development on Renewable Energy Consumption, Green Growth, And Environmental Quality in China: Does Financial Inclusion Matter?. Frontiers in Energy Research, 941.
Leder, S. (2016). Linking women’s empowerment and their resilience.
Manley, K., Nyelele, C., & Egoh, B. N. (2022). A review of machine learning and big data applications in addressing ecosystem service research gaps. Ecosystem Services, 57, 101478.
Mirziyoyeva, Z., & Salahodjaev, R. (2022). Women’s Parliamentary Representation and Sustainable Development Goals: a Cross-Country Evidence. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 17(2), 871-883.
Mubeen, S., Shahid, M. H., & ur Rashid, H. H. (2021). Association of Temperature and Humidity with COVID-19 Transmission in Punjab, Pakistan. Audit and Accounting Review, 1(2), 52-70.
Mubeen, S., & Quddus, M. A. (2021). Gender Equality but Never-Ending Inequity in FATA, Pakistan. Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies, 7(2), 375-388.
Mubeen, S., Shahid, M. H., & Saeed, A. (2022). WOMEN AT WORK: LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION AND EMPOWERMENT IN KPK, PAKISTAN. Women (1997-2032), 14.
Mubeen, S., Shahid, M. H., & Taib, M. N. A. (2019). Challenges and Opportunities for Women Entrepreneurs: A Case Study of Urban Lahore (Pakistan). Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 8(4), 213-222.
Mubeen, S., Hye, Q. M. A., Shahid, M. H., & Rehan, R. (2022). The Nexus among Family Business, Household Finances and Women Empowerment: Evidence from PDHS 2017-18. Nurture, 16(2), 90-102.
Mubeen, S., Shahid, M. H., & Khan, M. K. (2022). Role of Islamic Credit Availability for Women Entrepreneurship Rural Areas of Punjab, Pakistan. PAKISTAN ISLAMICUS (An International Journal of Islamic & Social Sciences), 2(01), 01-14.
Mubeen, S., Shahid, M. H., & Hye, Q. M. A. (2022). The relationship between the empowerment of women and preferences related to fertility in Pakistan. Journal of Social Economics Research, 9(2), 121-136.
Mubeen, S., Shahid, M. H., Sahawneh, N., Al-Kassem, A. H., Ahmad, A., & Naseer, I. (2022, February). Education, Employment and Women Empowerment in an Agrarian Economy: Acase Study Note: Sub-titles are not captured in Xplore and should not be used. In 2022 International Conference on Business Analytics for Technology and Security (ICBATS) (pp. 1-9). IEEE.
Mubeen, S., Quddus, M. A., & Shahid, M. H (2022). Women Entrepreneurship and Problems of Rural Women Entrepreneurs in Punjab Province of Pakistan.
McClelland, M. M., Cameron, C. E., Duncan, R., Bowles, R. P., Acock, A. C., Miao, A., & Pratt, M. E. (2014). Predictors of early growth in academic achievement: The head-toes-knees-shoulders task. Frontiers in psychology, 5, 599.
Parmley, L., Rao, A., Kose, Z., Lambert, A., Max, R., Phaswana-Mafuya, N., ... & Schwartz, S. (2019). Antenatal care presentation and engagement in the context of sex work: exploring barriers to care for sex worker mothers in South Africa. Reproductive health, 16(1), 1-12.
Rehan, R., & Abdul Hadi, A. R. (2019). Capital structure determinants of Shariah and non-Shariah companies at Bursa Malaysia–dynamic approach. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 6(8), 334-345.
Rahman, S., Chaudhry, I. S., & Farooq, F. (2018). Gender inequality in education and household poverty in Pakistan: A Case of Multan District. Review of Economics and Development Studies, 4(1), 115-126.
Rehan, R., Abdul, H. A. R., & Hussain, H. I. (2019). Sectorial-specific capital structure determinants-evidence from Bursa Malaysia. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 6(8), 346-357.
Rahman, M. M. (2010). Women's empowerment and reproductive health: Experience from Chapai Nawabganj district in Bangladesh. Afro Asian Journal of Anthropology and Social Policy, 1(1), 51-58.
Njoh, A. J., & Akiwumi, F. A. (2012). The impact of religion on women empowerment as a millennium development goal in Africa. Social Indicators Research, 107(1), 1-18.
Raza, A., & Murad, H. S. (2010). Gender gap in Pakistan: A socio‐demographic analysis. International Journal of social economics.
Sharma, B. (2015). Level of women empowerment and It’s determinates in selected south Asian countries. IOSR J, 20(4), 94-105.
Salahuddin, S., Kashif, M., & Rehman, M. U. (2021). Cross-country stock market integration and portfolio diversification opportunities evidence from developed, emerging and frontier countries. Studies of Applied Economics, 39(2).
Salahuddin, S., Kashif, M., & Rehman, M. U. (2020). Time Varying Stock Market Integration and Diversification Opportunities within Emerging and Frontier Markets. PÉNZÜGYI SZEMLE/PUBLIC FINANCE QUARTERLY, 65(2), 168-195.
Sen, G., Germain, A., & Chen, L. C. (1994). Population policies reconsidered. Health, empowerment and rights. Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
UNICEF., United Nations. Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children, & Armed Conflict. (2009). Machel study 10-year strategic review: Children and conflict in a changing world.
Undp, A. (2016). Africa Human Development Report 2016 Accelerating Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment in Africa (No. 267638). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
Vickers, N. J. (2017). Animal communication: when i’m calling you, will you answer too?. Current biology, 27(14), R713-R715.
Zandi, G., Rehan, R., Hye, Q. M. A., Mubeen, S., & Abbas, S. (2022). Do Corruption, Inflation and Unemployment Influence the Income Inequality of Developing Asian Countries?. International Journal of Applied Economics, Finance and Accounting, 14(2), 118-128.